The ocean is continuously ventilated when surface waters sink and transport, for example, oxygen and carbon to greater depths. The efficiency of this process can be estimated using the so-called water ...

A new study analyzed nearly four decades of deep ocean observations to reveal significant cooling and freshening of deep water in the Subtropical North Atlantic. The results suggest that warmer, ...

Schematic representation of deep GoM ventilation, representing the upwelling and transformation of North Atlantic Deep Waters into intermediate water layer, which forms an outflow from deep Gulf.

During the last ice age, the Atlantic Ocean's powerful current system remained active and continued to transport warm, salty water from the tropics to the North Atlantic despite extensive ice cover ...

For two decades, instruments bolted to the Atlantic seafloor have recorded the pulse of one of Earth’s most important ocean currents. Now, a peer-reviewed study published in April 2026 in Science ...