Türkiye’s almost four-decades-old conflict with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) rages on and - in complex ways - plays into Ankara’s domestic and regional calculations. In July 2015, a two-and-a-half year long ceasefire broke down, and the conflict between Turkish security forces and militants of the PKK – recognised as a terrorist organisation by Türkiye, the U.S. and the European Union – entered one of its deadliest chapters in nearly four decades. Crisis Group experts have closely tracked